Adult-onset autoimmune (AOA) diabetes can occur as classic type 1 diabetes (T1DM) but mostly has a slow progression and a long period not requiring insulin. First presentation of symptoms in adulthood and non-requirement of insulin at time of diagnosis often lead to misdiagnosis as type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Download Image

Asthma is a chronic disease of the large-conducting and small conducting airways characterized by hyper-responsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. Globally, >300 million people are affected by asthma. Download Image

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder characterized by reversible hair loss without loss of the hair follicle. Download Image

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises three autoimmune disorders, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic GPA (EGPA), which all involve inflammation and damage in small blood vessels. Download Image

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Thrombosis and obstetrical complications are the main clinical features. Download Image

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a progressive, autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, leading to atrophy of the oxyntic (acid-secreting) mucosa of the stomach. Unlike other types of gastritis, the inflammation and atrophy in AIG are restricted to the oxyntic glands (corpus or fundus) of the stomach. Download Image

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a liver disease characterized by a T cell-mediated autoimmune response in genetically predisposed individuals. The clinical presentation varies substantially, ranging from an asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes to acute liver failure. Download Image

Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies to the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), causing overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). In severe cases, patients develop extrathyroidal complications such as sight-threatening ocular disease (Graves’ orbitopathy, GO) and infiltrative dermopathy (pretibial myxoedema, PTM). Download Image

Lupus nephritis (LN) is inflammation of the kidneys caused by the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). LN severity can range from asymptomatic disease to nephrotic syndrome to severe kidney damage resulting in end-stage kidney disease. Download Image

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to widespread clinical manifestations, including muscle weakness, sensory deficits, cognitive impairment and fatigue. Download Image

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints. Although this disorder was associated with irreversible joint damage and physical disability in the past, remission is now an achievable goal for the majority of patients owing to advances in early diagnosis, new drugs and improved treatment strategies. Download Image

Sjögren syndrome (SjS) is a slowly progressing systemic autoimmune disease. The syndrome is characterized by destruction of the epithelium of exocrine glands, resulting in severe dryness of mucosal surfaces. Download Image

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a serious, chronic autoimmune disorder with a heterogeneous clinical presentation potentially involving many organs. Download Image

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia owing to insulin deficiency as a consequence of pancreatic β-cell loss. The most common type of T1DM — autoimmune T1DM — is marked by immune-mediated β-cell loss. Download Image